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Traditional security thinking dominated the Cold War. Increasing military capabilities was the primary strategy adopted to achieve security. In the post-1989 world, but especially in the post-11 September world, a broader and more complex security concept has emerged. After fascism and communism disappeared as threats in 1989 and until 2001, no single overwhelming security threat existed. Mass invasion and total war ceased to be threats to the East or the West; wars between systems and states were no longer prime security risks. The changes in the post-Cold War world have been dramatically demonstrated by post-11 September developments. Security after 11 September is a
qualitatively new phenomena and calls for unconventional responses.1 New and different fields of security in various compositions emerged, such as the roots and consequences of the new terrorism; the transformed role of the military; the merger of internal and external security; failed states and terrorism; weapons of mass destruction and proliferation; terrorism and arms control; and transatlantic relations post-11 September. This article examines the impact of the developments before and after 11 September on both NATO and European security and in particular on the concept of collective and territorial defense.
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